Mishneh Torah, Prayer and the Priestly Blessing Chapter 3

Chapter 3

א תְּפִלַת הַשַּׁחַר מִצְוָתָהּ שֶׁיַּתְחִיל לְהִתְפַּלֵּל עִם הָנֵץ הַחַמָּה וּזְמַנָּהּ עַד סוֹף שָׁעָה רְבִיעִית שֶׁהִיא שְׁלִישִׁית הַיּוֹם. וְאִם עָבַר אוֹ טָעָה וְהִתְפַּלֵּל אַחַר אַרְבַּע עַד חֲצוֹת הַיּוֹם יָצָא יְדֵי חוֹבַת תְּפִלָּה. אֲבָל לֹא יָצָא יְדֵי חוֹבַת תְּפִלָּה בִּזְמַנָּהּ. שֶׁכְּשֵׁם שֶׁתְּפִלָּה מִצְוָה מִן הַתּוֹרָה כָּךְ מִצְוָה מִדִּבְרֵיהֶם לְהִתְפַּלֵּל אוֹתָהּ בִּזְמַנָּהּ כְּמוֹ שֶׁתִּקְנוּ לָנוּ חֲכָמִים וּנְבִיאִים:
1 In order that the duty may be properly fulfilled, the morning service should begin at sunrise. It may however be recited till the close of the fourth hour after dawn, that is, till the lapse of one third of the day. And if one transgressed, wittingly or in error, and recited the Service after the fourth hour, and before noon, he has fulfilled the duty of reciting the prayer, but not that of reciting it at the right time. For even as prayer is a precept of the Torah, so it is an ordinance of our teachers to offer it at the proper time, as appointed by the sages and prophets.
ב כְּבָר אָמַרְנוּ שֶׁתְּפִלַּת הַמִּנְחָה כְּנֶגֶד תָּמִיד שֶׁל בֵּין הָעַרְבַּיִם תִּקְּנוּ זְמַנָּהּ. וּלְפִי שֶׁהָיָה הַתָּמִיד קָרֵב בְּכָל יוֹם בְּתֵשַׁע שָׁעוֹת וּמֶחֱצָה תִּקְּנוּ זְמַנָּהּ מִתֵּשַׁע שָׁעוֹת וּמֶחֱצָה וְהִיא הַנִּקְרֵאת מִנְחָה קְטַנָּה. וּלְפִי שֶׁבְּעֶרֶב הַפֶּסַח שֶׁחָל לִהְיוֹת בְּעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת הָיוּ שׁוֹחֲטִין אֶת הַתָּמִיד בְּשֵׁשׁ שָׁעוֹת וּמֶחֱצָה, אָמְרוּ שֶׁהַמִּתְפַּלֵּל מֵאַחַר שֵׁשׁ שָׁעוֹת וּמֶחֱצָה יָצָא. וּמִשֶּׁהִגִּיעַ זְמַן זֶה הִגִּיעַ זְמַן חִיּוּבָהּ וְזוֹ הִיא הַנִּקְרֵאת מִנְחָה גְּדוֹלָה:
2 We have already stated that the time for reciting the afternoon service was fixed to correspond with the hour when the daily afternoon sacrifice was offered up. As this took place daily nine and a half hours after dawn, the time for reading the afternoon service was appointed to begin nine and a half hours after dawn. This is termed the Minor Afternoon (Service). And since the daily [afternoon] sacrifice was slaughtered six and a half hours after dawn on the Eve of Passover, whenever that date fell on the eve of the Sabbath, the Sages declared that if one recites the afternoon service later than six and a half hours after dawn, he has fulfilled his duty. The arrival of this hour marks the time when the obligation to read the afternoon service has commenced. This is termed the Major Afternoon (Service).
ג נָהֲגוּ אֲנָשִׁים הַרְבֵּה לְהִתְפַּלֵּל גְּדוֹלָה וּקְטַנָּה וְהָאַחַת רְשׁוּת. וְהוֹרוּ מִקְצָת הַגְּאוֹנִים שֶׁאֵין רָאוּי לְהִתְפַּלֵּל רְשׁוּת אֶלָּא הַגְּדוֹלָה. וְכֵן הַדִּין נוֹתֵן מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהִיא כְּנֶגֶד דָּבָר שֶׁאֵינוֹ תָּדִיר בְּכָל יוֹם. וְאִם הִתְפַּלֵּל הַגְּדוֹלָה חוֹבָה לֹא יִתְפַּלֵּל קְטַנָּה אֶלָּא רְשׁוּת:
3 Many have the custom of reciting both the major and minor afternoon services, one of them as an optional service. Some of the Geonim decided that only the major afternoon service may be thus recited. And this is in accordance with reason; for it corresponds to the fact that the offering of the daily afternoon Sacrifice at that hour did not take place regularly, every day. Still, if the major afternoon service had been recited as the obligatory service, the minor afternoon service should only be recited as an optional service.
ד הָא לָמַדְתָּ שֶׁזְּמַן מִנְחָה גְּדוֹלָה מִשֵּׁשׁ שָׁעוֹת וּמֶחֱצָה עַד תֵּשַׁע שָׁעוֹת וּמֶחֱצָה. וּזְמַן מִנְחָה קְטַנָּה מִתֵּשַׁע שָׁעוֹת וּמֶחֱצָה עַד שֶׁיִּשָּׁאֵר מִן הַיּוֹם שָׁעָה וּרְבִיעַ. וְיֵשׁ לוֹ לְהִתְפַּלֵּל אוֹתָהּ עַד שֶׁתִּשְׁקַע הַחַמָּה:
4 Hence, the time for reciting the major afternoon service begins six and a half hours (after dawn) and continues till nine and a half hours (after that time), while the time for the minor afternoon service begins from nine and a half hours and continues till one and a quarter hours before the close of day. The prayer should however be recited before sunset.
ה תְּפִלַּת הַמּוּסָפִין זְמַנָּהּ אַחַר תְּפִלַּת הַשַּׁחַר עַד שֶׁבַע שָׁעוֹת בַּיּוֹם. וְהַמִּתְפַּלֵּל אוֹתָהּ אַחַר שֶׁבַע שָׁעוֹת אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁפָּשַׁע יָצָא יְדֵי חוֹבָתוֹ מִפְּנֵי שֶׁזְּמַנָּהּ כָּל הַיּוֹם:
5 The time for reciting the additional service begins after the morning service and continues till the seventh hour of the day. One who recites it after the seventh hour, although he has transgressed (the rule as to the hour), has nevertheless fulfilled his duty, since the time for reciting it is the whole day.
ו תְּפִלַּת הָעֶרֶב אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵינָהּ חוֹבָה הַמִּתְפַּלֵּל אוֹתָהּ זְמַנָּהּ מִתְּחִלַּת הַלַּיְלָה עַד שֶׁיַּעֲלֶה עַמּוּד הַשַּׁחַר. ותְּפִלַּת נְעִילָה זְמַנָּה כְּדֵי שֶׁיַּשְׁלִים אוֹתָהּ סָמוּךְ לִשְׁקִיעַת הַחַמָּה:
6 The time for the evening service, though it is not obligatory, is, for the one who reads it, from the commencement of nightfall till dawn. The Neilah should be read at a time to allow it to be completed near sunset.
ז הַמִּתְפַּלֵּל תְּפִלָּה קֹדֶם זְמַנָּהּ לֹא יָצָא יְדֵי חוֹבָתוֹ וְחוֹזֵר וּמִתְפַּלֵּל אוֹתָהּ בִּזְמַנָּהּ. וְאִם הִתְפַּלֵּל תְּפִלַּת שַׁחֲרִית בִּשְׁעַת הַדְּחָק אַחַר שֶׁעָלָה עַמּוּד הַשַּׁחַר יָצָא. וְיֵשׁ לוֹ לְהִתְפַּלֵּל תְּפִלַּת עַרְבִית שֶׁל לֵילֵי שַׁבָּת בְּעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת קֹדֶם שֶׁתִּשְׁקַע הַחַמָּה. וְכֵן יִתְפַּלֵּל עַרְבִית שֶׁל מוֹצָאֵי שַׁבָּת בְּשַׁבָּת לְפִי שֶׁתְּפִלַּת עַרְבִית רְשׁוּת אֵין מְדַקְדְּקִין בִּזְמַנָּהּ. וּבִלְבַד שֶׁיִּקְרָא קְרִיאַת שְׁמַע בִּזְמַנָּהּ אַחַר צֵאת הַכּוֹכָבִים:
7 One who recites a service, before the time appointed, has not fulfilled his duty and has to recite it again at the right time. But, if a person, on an urgent occasion, has recited the morning service after dawn (but before sunrise) he has fulfilled his duty. The evening service for the Sabbath Eve should be recited on the Eve of the Sabbath, before sunset. So the evening service for the close of the sabbath may be recited on the sabbath; the reason being that as the evening service is optional, one need not be strict as to the time of its recital; provided that the Shema is read at the proper time after the stars are visible.
ח כָּל מִי שֶׁעָבַר עָלָיו זְמַן תְּפִלָּה וְלֹא הִתְפַּלֵּל בְּמֵזִיד אֵין לוֹ תַּקָּנָה וְאֵינוֹ מְשַׁלֵּם. בְּשׁוֹגֵג אוֹ שֶׁהָיָה אָנוּס אוֹ טָרוּד מְשַׁלֵּם אוֹתָהּ תְּפִלָּה בִּזְמַן תְּפִלָּה הַסְּמוּכָה לָהּ. וּמַקְדִּים תְּפִלָּה שֶׁבִּזְמַנָּהּ וְאַחֲרֶיהָ מִתְפַּלֵּל אֶת הַתַּשְׁלוּמִין:
8 If the proper time of a service has passed without its having been recited, the omission, if wilful, cannot be rectified or made good. But if the omission was due to error or preoccupation, it can be made good at the next service. The latter is first recited at its proper time, and the prayer is then repeated to make good the omission.
ט כֵּיצַד. טָעָה וְלֹא הִתְפַּלֵּל שַׁחֲרִית וְעָבַר חֲצִי הַיּוֹם יִתְפַּלֵּל מִנְחָה שְׁתַּיִם. רִאשׁוֹנָה תְּפִלַּת מִנְחָה וְהַשְּׁנִיָּה תַּשְׁלוּמֵי שַׁחֲרִית. טָעָה וְלֹא הִתְפַּלֵּל מִנְחָה עַד שֶׁשָּׁקְעָה הַחַמָּה יִתְפַּלֵּל עַרְבִית שְׁתַּיִם. רִאשׁוֹנָה עַרְבִית וּשְׁנִיָּה תַּשְׁלוּמֵי מִנְחָה. טָעָה וְלֹא הִתְפַּלֵּל עַרְבִית עַד שֶׁעָלָה עַמּוּד הַשַּׁחַר מִתְפַּלֵּל שַׁחֲרִית שְׁתַּיִם. רִאשׁוֹנָה שַׁחֲרִית וְהַשְּׁנִיָּה תַּשְׁלוּמֵי עַרְבִית:
9 For example: If by mistake, one omitted to read the prayer in the morning and the first half of the day passed, he should read the prayer in the afternoon twice; first to fulfill the duty of reading the afternoon service, and a second time, to make good the omission of the morning service. If through error, the afternoon service had been omitted and the sun had set, the prayer in the evening should be read twice; the first time, as the evening service, and again, to make up for the omission of the afternoon service. If, by error, the evening service has not been read, and it has dawned, the morning prayer should be read twice, the first time, as the morning service, the second, to make up for the omission of the previous evening service.
י טָעָה וְלֹא הִתְפַּלֵּל לֹא תְּפִלָּה זוֹ וְלֹא תְּפִלָּה הַסְּמוּכָה לָהּ אֵינוֹ מְשַׁלֵּם אֶלָּא אַחֲרוֹנָה בִּלְבַד. כֵּיצַד. טָעָה וְלֹא הִתְפַּלֵּל לֹא שַׁחֲרִית וְלֹא מִנְחָה מִתְפַּלֵּל עַרְבִית שְׁתַּיִם רִאשׁוֹנָה עַרְבִית וְהָאַחֲרוֹנָה תַּשְׁלוּמֵי מִנְחָה. אֲבָל שַׁחֲרִית אֵין לָהּ תַּשְׁלוּמִין שֶׁכְּבָר עָבַר זְמַנָּהּ. וְכֵן בִּשְׁאָר תְּפִלּוֹת:
10 If two successive services had erroneously been omitted, only the latter can be made good. For example, if, by error, one recited neither the morning nor the afternoon services, he is to read the evening prayer twice; the first time as the evening service, the second to make up for the omission of the afternoon service. But the omission of the morning service cannot be made good, the time for that having passed. The same applies to other services.
יא הָיוּ לְפָנָיו שְׁתֵּי תְּפִלּוֹת שֶׁל מִנְחָה וְשֶׁל מוּסָפִין מִתְפַּלֵּל שֶׁל מִנְחָה וְאַחַר כָּךְ מִתְפַּלֵּל שֶׁל מוּסָפִין. וְיֵשׁ מִי שֶׁמּוֹרֶה שֶׁאֵין עוֹשִׂין בְּצִבּוּר כֵּן כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יִטְעוּ:
11 If one has two services to read, that of the afternoon and the additional service, the afternoon service should be read first and then the additional service. One authority decides that this should not be done in congregational worship, lest the people be misled (as to the normal order of the Services).